Which Sql Query Must Have Must Have A Group By Clause When Used With The Said Functions

The set operators combine the rows returned by two SELECT statements into a single result. The number and data types of the columns selected by each component query must be the same, but the column lengths can be different. The names of the columns in the result set are the names of the expressions in the select list preceding the set operator. The GROUP BY clause groups the selected rows based on identical values in a column or expression.

This clause is typically used with aggregate functions to generate a single result row for each set of unique values in a set of columns or expressions. The presence of HAVING turns a query into a grouped query even if there is no GROUP BY clause. This is the same as what happens when the query contains aggregate functions but no GROUP BY clause. All the selected rows are considered to form a single group, and the SELECT list and HAVING clause can only reference table columns from within aggregate functions.

Such a query will emit a single row if the HAVING condition is true, zero rows if it is not true. The GROUP BY clause groups together rows in a table with non-distinct values for the expression in the GROUP BY clause. For multiple rows in the source table with non-distinct values for expression, theGROUP BY clause produces a single combined row. GROUP BY is commonly used when aggregate functions are present in the SELECT list, or to eliminate redundancy in the output.

Here, the information from a table that does not satisfy the conditions is not used. So, by SQL statements, functions, operators and keywords in combination to SQL clauses makes the info access proper and manageable to deal with different tables in a database. MySQL queries are SQL functions that help us to access a particular set of records from a database table. We can request any information or data from the database using the clauses or, let's say, SQL statements. The NATURAL keyword indicates that a natural join is being performed. A natural join is based on all columns in the two tables that have the same name.

It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values in the relevant columns. If two columns with the same name do not have compatible data types, then an error is raised. When specifying columns that are involved in the natural join, do not qualify the column name with a table name or table alias. The UNION operator computes the set union of the rows returned by the involved SELECT statements.

A row is in the set union of two result sets if it appears in at least one of the result sets. The two SELECT statements that represent the direct operands of the UNION must produce the same number of columns, and corresponding columns must be of compatible data types. The value PRECEDING and value FOLLOWING cases are currently only allowed in ROWS mode.

Which Sql Query Must Have Must Have A Group By Clause When Used With The Said Functions They indicate that the frame starts or ends with the row that many rows before or after the current row. Value must be an integer expression not containing any variables, aggregate functions, or window functions. The value must not be null or negative; but it can be zero, which selects the current row itself. The GROUP BY clause is often used in SQL statements which retrieve numerical data.

It is commonly used with SQL functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX and MIN and is used mainly to aggregate data. Data aggregation allows values from multiple rows to be grouped together to form a single row. The first table shows the marks scored by two students in a number of different subjects. Once the rows are divided into groups, the aggregate functions are applied in order to return just one value per group.

It is better to identify each summary row by including the GROUP BY clause in the query resulst. All columns other than those listed in the GROUP BY clause must have an aggregate function applied to them. With aggregate analytic functions, the OVER clause is appended to the aggregate function call; the function call syntax remains otherwise unchanged. Like their aggregate function counterparts, these analytic functions perform aggregations, but specifically over the relevant window frame for each row.

The result data types of these analytic functions are the same as their aggregate function counterparts. ROLLUP is an extension of the GROUP BY clause that creates a group for each of the column expressions. Additionally, it "rolls up" those results in subtotals followed by a grand total. Under the hood, the ROLLUP function moves from right to left decreasing the number of column expressions that it creates groups and aggregations on. Since the column order affects the ROLLUP output, it can also affect the number of rows returned in the result set. Note that the ORDER BY specification makes no distinction between aggregate and non-aggregate rows of the result set.

For instance, you might wish to list sales figures in declining order, but still have the subtotals at the end of each group. Simply ordering sales figures in descending sequence will not be sufficient, since that will place the subtotals at the start of each group. Therefore, it is essential that the columns in the ORDER BY clause include columns that differentiate aggregate from non-aggregate columns.

This requirement means that queries using ORDER BY along with aggregation extensions to GROUP BY will generally need to use one or more of the GROUPING functions. To find the GROUP BY level of a particular row, a query must return GROUPING function information for each of the GROUP BY columns. If we do this using the GROUPING function, every GROUP BY column requires another column using the GROUPING function. For instance, a four-column GROUP BY clause needs to be analyzed with four GROUPING functions.

This is inconvenient to write in SQL and increases the number of columns required in the query. When you want to store the query result sets in tables, as with materialized views, the extra columns waste storage space. Window functions perform calculations on a set of rows that are related together. But, unlike the aggregate functions, windowing functions do not collapse the result of the rows into a single value. Instead, all the rows maintain their original identity and the calculated result is returned for every row.

A functional dependency exists if the grouped columns are the primary key of the table containing the ungrouped column. When the optional WITH ORDINALITY clause is added to the function call, a new column is appended after all the function's output columns with numbering for each row. Expression_n Expressions that are not encapsulated within the MAX function and must be included in the GROUP BY clause at the end of the SQL statement. Aggregate_expression This is the column or expression from which the maximum value will be returned. There must be at least one table listed in the FROM clause. These are conditions that must be met for the records to be selected.

This clause is generally used with aggregate functions that allow grouping the query result rows by multiple columns. The aggregate functions are COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG, etc. The examples we've gone through up to this point include some of the more frequently-used keywords and clauses in SQL queries.

These are useful for basic queries, but they aren't helpful if you're trying to perform a calculation or derive a scalar value based on your data. Specify DISTINCT or UNIQUE if you want the database to return only one copy of each set of duplicate rows selected. Duplicate rows are those with matching values for each expression in the select list.

Aggregate functions, if any are used, are computed across all rows making up each group, producing a separate value for each group. When a FILTER clause is present, only those rows matching it are included in the input to that aggregate function. FILTER is a modifier used on an aggregate function to limit the values used in an aggregation. All the columns in the select statement that aren't aggregated should be specified in a GROUP BY clause in the query.

The CUBE, ROLLUP, and GROUPING SETS extensions to SQL make querying and reporting easier and faster. CUBE, ROLLUP, and grouping sets produce a single result set that is equivalent to a UNION ALL of differently grouped rows. ROLLUP calculates aggregations such as SUM, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and AVG at increasing levels of aggregation, from the most detailed up to a grand total. CUBE is an extension similar to ROLLUP, enabling a single statement to calculate all possible combinations of aggregations. The CUBE, ROLLUP, and the GROUPING SETS extension lets you specify just the groupings needed in the GROUP BY clause.

This allows efficient analysis across multiple dimensions without performing a CUBE operation. Computing a CUBE creates a heavy processing load, so replacing cubes with grouping sets can significantly increase performance. SQL aggregate functions provide information about a database's data. AVG, for example, returns the average of a database column's values.

Partitioning enables you to divide the input data into logical groups that have a common characteristic. Ordering enables you to order the results within a partition. Framing enables you to create a sliding window frame within a partition that moves relative to the current row. You can configure the size of the moving window frame based on a number of rows or a range of values, such as a time interval.

A simple GROUP BY clause consists of a list of one or more columns or expressions that define the sets of rows that aggregations are to be performed on. A change in the value of any of the GROUP BY columns or expressions triggers a new set of rows to be aggregated. Clause to lock the select rows only for a particular table or view in a join. The columns in the OF clause only indicate which table or view rows are locked. The specific columns that you specify are not significant. However, you must specify an actual column name, not a column alias.

If you omit this clause, then the database locks the selected rows from all the tables in the query. Specify the object name followed by a period and the asterisk to select all columns from the specified table, view, or materialized view. Oracle Database returns a set of columns in the order in which the columns were specified when the object was created.

A query that selects rows from two or more tables, views, or materialized views is a join. Another difference is that these expressions can contain aggregate function calls, which are not allowed in a regular GROUP BY clause. They are allowed here because windowing occurs after grouping and aggregation.

CUBE is typically most suitable in queries that use columns from multiple dimensions rather than columns representing different levels of a single dimension. For instance, a commonly requested cross-tabulation might need subtotals for all the combinations of month, state, and product. These are three independent dimensions, and analysis of all possible subtotal combinations is commonplace.

Subtotals such as profit by day of month summed across year would be unnecessary in most analyses. The ORDER BY clause specifies a column or expression as the sort criterion for the result set. If an ORDER BY clause is not present, the order of the results of a query is not defined. Column aliases from a FROM clause or SELECT list are allowed. If a query contains aliases in the SELECT clause, those aliases override names in the corresponding FROM clause. The SUM() function returns the total value of all non-null values in a specified column.

Since this is a mathematical process, it cannot be used on string values such as the CHAR, VARCHAR, and NVARCHAR data types. When used with a GROUP BY clause, the SUM() function will return the total for each category in the specified table. Well, the main distinction between the two clauses is that HAVING can be applied for subsets of aggregated groups, while in the WHERE block, this is forbidden.

In simpler words, after HAVING, we can have a condition with an aggregate function, while WHERE cannot use aggregate functions within its conditions. You can use a SELECT statement for the function body by enclosing it in parentheses, exactly as you would to use a subselect for any other expression. If more than one column is returned when the function is called, error 1241 results. If more than one row is returned when the function is called, error 1242 results. Can be used to simplify a query that needs many GROUP BY levels.

The function argument is a list of one or more columns or expressions in parentheses. The result is an integer consisting of "n" binary digits, where "n" is the number of parameters to the function. For each result row of the grouped query, the digit corresponding to the nth parameter of the GROUPING function is 0 if the result row is based on a value of the nth parameter, else 1. CUBE generates the GROUP BY aggregate rows, plus superaggregate rows for each unique combination of expressions in the column list.

The order of the columns specified in CUBE() has no effect. The expression is based on columns in the select list or columns in the tables, views, or materialized views in the FROM clause. SELECT statements that contain hierarchical queries can contain the LEVEL pseudocolumn in the select list. LEVEL returns the value 1 for a root node, 2 for a child node of a root node, 3 for a grandchild, and so on.

The number of levels returned by a hierarchical query may be limited by available user memory. GROUP BY will condense into a single row all selected rows that share the same values for the grouped expressions. An expression used inside a grouping_element can be an input column name, or the name or ordinal number of an output column , or an arbitrary expression formed from input-column values. In case of ambiguity, a GROUP BY name will be interpreted as an input-column name rather than an output column name. The GROUPING function is not only useful for identifying NULLs, it also enables sorting subtotal rows and filtering results.

Which Is The Third Largest Emirate In Uae

One of most well-known tourist destinations in the world, Dubai is the biggest city of UAE. The city is based on the Persian Gulf's southeast coast and serves as the capital city of the Emirate of Dubai. Dubai has emerged as one of the biggest cosmopolitan cities of the world and the business hub of the Middle East.

The city is famous for its ambitious constructional projects like the Palm Islands and " The World" which are artificial islands off the coast of Dubai. Dubai's economy is mainly dependent on international trade and to a small extent on oil that is a limited resource in the city. Tourism, real estate, aviation, and financial services are also major sources of revenue in Dubai. The city is the world's 22nd most expensive city and the most expensive one in the region.

In 2014, the hotel rooms in Dubai were ranked as the second most in the world after those in Geneva. The United Arab Emirates is a Middle Eastern country that is located on the Arabian Peninsula's southeast end and is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Oman to the east. The country also shares its maritime borders with Iran and Qatar. The population of UAE was 9.2 million in 2013 of which only 1.4 million were native Emiratis and the rest all expatriates. The UAE is a federation of 7 emirates that was established on December 2, 1971.

The biggest city in UAE, Dubai, is a global city and a major international aviation hub. UAE's economy is mainly reliant on the export of oil and natural gas. The Emirate of Sharjah is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates, the Islamic and cultural center of the country and the third largest emirate in the UAE. It is located on the shores of the Arabian Gulf and is a unique cultural and Islamic radiation center in the Middle East. The emirate is known for its spectacular natural land and sea landscapes, pearl fishing and shipbuilding. Sharjah has succeeded in the acquisition of a unique international touristic position with its oriental Islamic character combined with contemporariness.

It conjoins many hotels that provide distinctive services and packages for the different kinds of tourists, and restaurants varied between fast food, fancy restaurants, local dishes and foreign ones. Sharjah International Airport is considered as a promising gateway to international air transport, as well as the port that provides sea cruises. Sharjah has a wide and extended road network that makes it easy to travel inside it and to other cities as well.

The city of Sharjah overlooks the Persian Gulf and has a population of over 800,000 . It contains the main administrative and commercial centres together with an array of cultural and traditional projects, including several museums covering areas such as archaeology, natural history, science, arts, heritage, Islamic art and culture. Distinctive landmarks include two major covered souks, reflecting Islamic design, and a number of recreational areas and public parks such as Al Montazah Fun Park and Al Buheirah Corniche. The United Arab Emirates has the world's sixth largest proven oil reserves and the fifth largest natural gas reserves, making the country a critical partner and responsible supplier in global energy markets. Although a mainstay in the economy, oil exports actually account for only about one third of economic activity, as a result of aggressive government policies designed to diversify the UAE economy.

However, domestic energy consumption has continued to rise steadily with all electricity production and water desalination being generated by thermal plants, which has resulted in the UAE becoming a net importer of natural gas since 2008. Abu Dhabi, the capital of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, is UAE's second most populous city. Abu Dhabi houses the Abu Dhabi Emiri Family and the federal government offices of the region.

The city is a modern metropolis and a major political, economic, cultural, and commercial center in the region. Like Dubai, Abu Dhabi also has a multicultural and diverse society. However, time and again, human rights organizations have heavily criticized the government for exploiting foreign workers and treating them in an improper manner. The discovery of oil in 1972 and beginning of natural gas drilling in 1990 brought Sharjah new sources of income, allowing the emirate to develop rapidly into the successful cultural and business hub that it is today. However, since Sharjah's oil and gas resources are limited, the economy has been diversified to include manufacturing, health care, environmental protection, tourism, transport and logistics as well. In recent years, the Sharjah government has established two economic free zones and increased investment opportunities in the emirate.

The Emirate of Sharjah has developed a unique reputation as a cultural, heritage and family tourist destination providing visitors with the ideal getaway at any time of the year. The Authority determines all matters relating to the control and supervision of the nuclear sector in the UAE, in particular nuclear safety and security, radiation protection and safeguards. All obligations under the relevant international treaties, conventions or agreements entered into by the UAE are carried out by FANR. The capital of the Emirate of Ajman, Ajman is the fifth biggest city in UAE. The Ruler's office, commercial markets, companies, and a large number of national and international retail shops are located in Ajman. The city is also rapidly developing as a major tourist destination in the region.

Sharjah's strategic location and rich natural resources have been major factors in the emirate's economic development. Sharjah had the first international airport in the Arabian Gulf, built by the British in 1932, and the first container port, constructed in 1976. In addition to the general trading activities, both fishing and pearling have played an important role in the Sharjah economy, but the pearling industry fell victim to strong competition from Japanese cultured pearls in the 1940s and lost its prominence.

The city of Ras Al Khaimah, the capital of the emirate, is divided into two parts by a creek. The western part, known as "old Ras Al Khaimah", consists of government departments, educational institutions, shopping malls, hotels as well as residential areas and new construction projects. The eastern part, known as Al Nakheel, houses the Emiri Court, markets, Ras Al Khaimah Exhibition Centre, hospitals and residential areas housing the majority of the city's population. Ras Al Khaimah has a rich history and was renowned for its prosperous port and its exquisite pearls, which were famous for being the whitest and roundest in the world. Sharjah is the third largest emirate in the United Arab Emirates, and is the only one to have land on both the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

The emirate covers 2,590 square kilometres which is equivalent to 3.3 per cent of the UAE's total area, excluding the islands. The city lies some 170 km away from the UAE capital city Abu Dhabi. Economic growth across the UAE has led to massive increases in the demand for electricity.

Current estimates indicate that the domestic demand for power will more than double by 2020, even given the global economic slowdown. This culturally, intellectually and architecturally rich emirate is more than 6,000 years old. Sharjah is also the UAE's third largest emirate, after Abu Dhabi and Dubai. All the other emirates face the Persian Gulf, but Sharjah is the only one that adjoins the Arabian Gulf.

This place is so rich in culture that it was named the Cultural Capital of the Arab World in 1998 by UNESCO. You can explore this emirate's cultural aspects by visiting its famous museums located at the well-known Sharjah heritage area. Apart from the culture, though, you have many other things you can enjoy, as we'll show you here. Dubaimay be the second-largest emirate in the country, but it holds the biggest population, majority of which are expats from around the world. Dubai has a thriving business and tourism industry, having a skyline dotted by majestic buildings and towers. Here, you will find the Burj Al Arab (a 7-star hotel), the Burj Khalifa , and the luxurious Palm Trilogy islands, among many other attractions.

The smallest of the emirates, located in the north of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf coast, is Ajman. H. Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, the emirate has a variety of important economic sectors and also offers a number of museums and castles, including the Ajman Museum, which presents artifacts of traditional life in the old Ajman Fort. Originally a small fishing and trading settlement, Dubai is now an exciting, cosmopolitan city, and a global hub for trade and finance, where traditional Arab-Islamic culture flourishes alongside the ultra-modern. It is the second largest emirate by land area after Abu Dhabi, and is ruled by His HighnessSheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE. The emirate of Sharjah comprises the city of Sharjah , and other minor towns and enclaves. The city of Sharjah, which overlooks the Persian Gulf, has a population of 519,000 .

Sharjah City borders Dubai to the south and Ajmân to the north, and the three form a conurbation. Sharjah also owns three enclaves on the east coast, bordering the Gulf of Oman. These are Kalba, Dibba Al-Hisn, and Khor Fakkan, which provide Sharjah with a major east coast port. In the Persian Gulf, the island of Sir Abu Nu'ayr belongs to Sharjah, and Abu Musa is claimed by UAE, but controlled by Iran. Sharjah has an exclave containing the village of Nahwa, located inside the Omani enclave of Madha which borders Fujairah and Sharjah.

The emirate also encompasses some important oasis areas, the most famous of which is the fertile Dhaid region, where a range of vegetables and fruits are cultivated. KEPCO, a government owned-utility, is the world's third largest nuclear energy business, with an installed nuclear generation capacity of 17,716MW as of the end of 2008. KEPCO operates 20 commercial nuclear power units as of 2009, with 8 more units currently under construction and an additional 10 units planned to be built by 2030. The development of a peaceful, civilian nuclear energy program was based on an in-depth evaluation of the UAE's future energy needs. An initial study determined that national annual peak demand for electricity is likely to rise to more than 40,000 megawatts by 2020, reflecting a cumulative annual growth rate of about 9% from 2007.

Even with adjustments to account for the worldwide economic slowdown, the projected demand is well beyond current capacity. Heritage and tradition continues to be influential within the UAE and wider Islamic and Arab culture. Sharjah itself has deep historical roots in traditional arts and crafts practices.

Trades and skills dating back to desert tribes influenced by migration practices have been handed down through the generations and continue to represent a key part of Islamic culture. In Sharjah the main crafts and trades are pottery, bridal chests, weaving, embroidery, daggers and knives, ornate carved doors, perfumes, incense and henna. Many of these crafts are still popular activities among locals today and can be found throughout the emirate. This maintenance and celebration of Sharjah's arts and crafts heritage is a key element in the cultural agenda that permeates the emirate's contemporary society.

Ras Al Khaimah is the fourth-largest emirate in the country, spanning an area of 1700 square kilometers. Notably, about 50 percent of its population are nationals, or Emiratis. Lately, the emirate has also been expanding its business and tourism industries. Among its noteworthy attractions are the Dhayah Fort, Ras Al Khaimah National Museum, and Iceland Water Park. The third largest emirate in the UAE, Sharjah is blessed with two coastlines, a picturesque landscape and pristine beaches.

But beyond that, the vibrant emirate has also developed into a dynamic business, transport, cultural and industrial hub that combines a business-friendly environment with world-class infrastructure, making it a highly attractive investment destination. The city's economy is primarily dependent on oil and natural gas. In recent times, its leaders are working hard to reduce its dependence on oil to diversify the emirate's economy, it is focusing its investment in infrastructure, tourism, and transport.

In the 18th century, Portugal and the Netherlands extended their holdings in the region but retreated with the growth of British naval power there; following a series of truces with Britain in the 19th century, the emirates united to form the Trucial States . The states gained autonomy following World War II (1939–45), when the trucial states of Bahrain and Qatar declared independent statehood. The rest were formally united in 1971, with the city of Abu Dhabi serving as the capital.

Sharjah is the third largest and third most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, which covers 2,590 square kilometres . The emirate of Sharjah borders with Dubai to the south, Ajman and Umm Al Quwain to the north and Ras Al Khaimah to the east. It is overlooks the coastline on the Persian Gulf to the west and the Gulf of Oman to the East, with the eastern Sharjah coastal towns of Kalba and Khor Fakkan. It is bordered to the south by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and to the northeast by the Emirate of Sharjah. Dubai is a centre for regional and international trade since the early 20th century, and a major global transport hub for passengers and cargo. The richest in terms of heritage among the seven emirates of the UAE, Sharjah is the biggest patron of art, culture and history.

In 1998, UNESCO awarded Sharjah with the title of being the "Cultural Capital of the Arab World." The emirate is dotted with museums, cultural and historic heritage centres, beautiful mosques and various art galleries. Sharjah is the third largest emirate in the UAE, its largest city and its most family-friendly destination. Experience a Sharjah museum, a desert safari and a Sharjah beach — the emirate offers things to do for everyone.

The 20th century was marked by rapid development, including the establishment of the UAE's first international airport in Sharjah in 1932 and the introduction of modern schools, hospitals and telecommunications. In 1971, the federation of the United Arab Emirates was established, comprising the emirates of Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm Al Quwain and, in 1972, Ras Al Khaimah. The discovery of oil in 1966 transformed the emirate and its way of life. Dubai's first oil exports in 1969 were followed by a period of rapid development that laid the foundations for today's modern society.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, Dubai took a strategic decision to emerge as a major international-quality tourism destination. Investments in tourism infrastructure have paid off handsomely over the years. Whilst recognizing the success of the oil sector, Abu Dhabi is working hard to reduce its hydrocarbons reliance and broaden the emirate's economy. Investment in infrastructure, tourism, transport, health and education is continuing and in line with the government's 2030 urban plan.

Tourism is playing in integral role in Abu Dhabi's economic development, with the emirate targeting 2.3 million hotel guests by 2012. Major investment in new luxury resorts and business hotels is underway. Sharjah Public Transportation Corporation is organizing and supervising the operations of taxis in Sharjah Emirate. They cover all parts of the Emirate and cities, including shopping centres, residential areas and airport. The city is a centre for culture and industry, and alone contributes 7.4% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates. The city covers an approximate area of 235 km2 and has a population of over 800,000 .

The sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited in the emirate of Sharjah without possession of an alcohol licence and alcohol is not served in Sharjah hotels, restaurants or other outlets due to the Muslim majority in the area. This has helped Sharjah increase the number of Islamic tourists who visit the country.Sharjah has been officially named as a WHO healthy city. The 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Sharjah as the 68th best city in the world to be a university student. Sharjah is regarded as the cultural capital of the UAE, and was the Islamic culture capital in 2014.

What Is The Third Largest Emirate In UAE Following this strategy, ENEC selected a nuclear experienced managing agent to support its development and solicitation of bids for the nuclear power program. Key positions within the organization were filled with experienced nuclear contractors and other key positions are supported with nuclear experts. In addition, ENEC was able to tap into the experienced professionals from the UAE's long-established oil and gas, energy and mega-project industries to build its management ranks. Central to the UAE's approach to developing a nuclear energy program has been the importance of building a qualified workforce in the short and long term. The UAE has started the transition to curb emission of greenhouse gases, focusing on natural gas and developing peaceful civilian nuclear energy to meet significant power generation demands and water desalination requirements. As a result of this study, the UAE is pursuing a peaceful, civilian nuclear energy program that upholds the highest standards of safety, security, nonproliferation and operational transparency.

Government officials, nonproliferation advocates, and energy experts worldwide have called the UAE approach a gold standard for countries interested in exploring nuclear energy for the first time. The UAE exports more than 40% of its crude oil to Japan, making it the UAE's largest customer. The UAE is a net importer of natural gas, and gas exports are primarily to Japan, the world's largest buyer of liquefied gas. The Dolphin Project, which began importing natural gas from Qatar to the UAE by pipeline, in 2007, was the first major cross-border energy deal between Gulf countries. Sharjah, the cultural capital of the Arab world, is the third largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, and a leading center of education in the Middle East. The Emirate of Sharjah is renowned for its vibrant multicultural ambiance, diverse museums that display both rich cultural heritage and contemporary artwork, and a charming blend of historical and modern architectural sites.